Sleeping Pill Ambien Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sleeping Pill Ambien - Essay Example The jobs, relationships, productivity, health and safety are all put at risk. And lack of sleep due to sleep loss or sleep disorders is taking a serious toll globally. There are many who experience problems with sleep and often depend on sleeping pills. Sleeping pills belong to a larger group of substances known as the sedative-hypnotics, which slow down or "sedate" the central nervous system that includes the brain, and spinal cord. This affects thinking, feeling, and body movement and function (AADAC, 2003). Sleeping pills are not a new concept. Herbal potions and the opiate laudanum were used centuries ago to induce sleep. Barbiturates were introduced by the early 1900s. Later in 60s benzodiazepines were introduced. And in 90s a safer class of drugs for sleeplessness known as nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics came into the market (Mayo clinic staff 2007). Sleeping pills act by binding with protein molecules called GABA receptors on the surface of nerve cells. The same protein receptor molecules bind at the same time with a neurotransmitter chemical called GABA. Barbiturates and other sleeping pills accentuate the action of GABA which causes the receptor molecule to allow the negatively charged chloride ions to enter the nerve cells. The chloride ions then make the inside the nerve cell more negatively polarized, which in turn, makes the nerve cells less active. In the 1970's, a new group of sleeping pills became popular, molecules which chemically are named benzodiazepines. The main advantage of benzodiazepines is that they are less likely to produce acute overdose deaths than barbiturates (Kripke 2006). Chemical Structure of Zolpidem (Ambien) Source: Wikipedia Zolpidem (Ambien): Mechanism of action Zolpidem (Ambien) is used for the short-term treatment of insomnia. Zolpidem is a prescription short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by binding to benzodiazepine type 1 (BZ1) receptors. However, zolpidem binds more exclusively to some of the several kinds of benzodiazepine receptors, and as a result it causes less anti-anxiety effect, less muscle weakness and less anti-epileptic effect than most benzodiazepines. It has been claimed that zolpidem distorts EEG sleep patterns less than other hypnotics and that it produces

Arthur Millers Essay Example for Free

Arthur Millers Essay The first point I noted was when Alfieri said: A lawyer means the law, and in Sicily, from where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten This suggests that before Christ and Christianity, the law was quite sloppy, and people could get away with crimes, but since the spread of Catholicism and An eye for an eye , people have been scared to cross the law since people have the right to exact revenge, without scorn from the community, and it worked because people knew that felonies could result in death, they stop committing them. A very important point is where Alfieri is talking about men in the Mafia who were shot by thugs from other families, and refers to those men as justly shot by unjust men which means that those men deserved to die, yet they shouldnt, in the eyes of the American Judicial System, be killed without trial, that being one of the Amendments of The Constitution. Perhaps the most important occurrence when dealing with this category is the prefiguration about Vinnie Bolzano (which has been previously mentioned), because it serves as a prefiguration about what happens when someone breaks the Code of Conduct, with regards to immigrants. The next type of tension is about Eddie as a sympathetic character. Miller wanted the audience to feel sympathetic for Eddie and does this by creating a sense of emotional involvement with Eddie, which forms a certain sense of empathy with Eddie, and a sorrow which implants a sorrow due to Eddies fate. This type of tension is similar to climatic tension except it creates an apprehensive mood in the audiences mind. Because this is in place early on, it is easier for the reader to justify Eddies actions and then empathise with him. In Arthur Millers view, Eddie posses or exemplifies the wondrous and human fact that he too can be driven to what in the last analysis is a sacrifice of himself for his conception, however misguided or right, dignity and justice. This to me provokes real empathy because it is very difficult to sacrifice for your beliefs, and for what behaviour he displays, he deserves so much more respect that he is given. Alfieri, upon meeting Eddie, described Eddie as having eyes like tunnels which suggests that he is in a trance like state, and he has probably given way to his emotions, which is not necessarily his fault, it may be that he is emotionally unstable, and insecure, it may be that he is suffering from stress, which makes him less mentally adept, but whatever he is, he should not, in this situation, be held accountable for his actions. Early on in the play, with Eddies conversation between Catherine Beatrice, a lot of Eddies gentle and more compassionate side is exposed when Catherine wants to work, Eddie wants her to stay in school, but she protests: Eddie: You wanna go to work, heh, Madonna? Catherine: Yeah Eddie: Alright, go to work. This shows Eddies compassionate side, because he gives in to Catherines demands, even though it is against his will, he does it because it is in Catherines interest. Another moment where Miller shows Eddies consideration for Catherine is the moment where she lights the cigar, and almost burns herself: Catherine: Here! Ill light it for you! Dont worry about me Eddie, heh? Eddie: Dont burn yourself. (Just in time she blows out match) This shows Catherines naivety, and perhaps her inability to function independently without Eddie, and how much he cares for her. She soon forgets this when she encounters Rodolfo, and Eddie feels displaced by him, like he is no longer needed, and for this reason, I think his goal becomes to have Rodolfo deported. But only because Catherine completely ignores him, and feels she is independent, when clearly, she is not. The last kind of tension is emotional tension. This is the disarray that begins due to the introduction of a stranger into this family, and continues due to Rodolfos unusual behaviour, Eddies emotional insecurities, Catherines naivety and Beatrices selfishness plunge them into. Due to analysis, I have come to realise that there is a vicious emotional cycle in place that erodes the already fragile relationship these characters share. Here is a diagram and an explanation: Catherine and Rodolfo take Beatrices advice. They become closer, get more intimate. They start to ignore Eddies opinion more. Catherine starts to become less nai ve, more aware, much to Eddies disapproval. Next Catherine and Rodolfos actions make Eddie more irate. He becomes more hypnotised by rage. He is more desperate to separate Catherine and Rodolfo. He feels displaced, like Catherine is bestowing all her affection on Rodolfo. He starts to ignore Beatrice and begins to focus solely on Rodolfos expulsion. Then Beatrice is annoyed by Eddie. She feels he is not attentive enough. She feels displace by Catherine and becomes even more jealous of the attention she receives. She encourages Catherine to become more independent and intimate with Rodolfo in the hope that she, with Rodolfo, moves out leaving Eddie to pay Beatrice more attention. This continues to occur, and destabilises this very dysfunctional family, with each party becoming more bitter and resentful to the others. It changes slightly so that Beatrice almost sides with Catherine and Rodolfo, I think purely for selfish reasons, as she has the most to gain from Catherines absence. In the end, I think is no one persons fault. I think it is the fault of all three parties. Catherine, because she is to nai ve to know what she is doing, and cannot see through Beatrices advice, Eddie for being too overprotective and getting too involved, and Beatrice, for wanting Catherine gone for all the wrong reasons. With all this, I think it is all the deceit and selfish motivation that accompanies a dysfunctional family that sees the Carbone family on their knees. In conclusion, Arthur Miller uses many types of tension in his play A View From The Bridge: climatic tension, dedicated to keeping the middle unknown; tension of discovery, to keep the play fresh with plenty of plot twists, and to keep the characters personas mysterious, the Sicilian Code of Conduct to keep the play within the same era, and to put his knowledge to good use, Eddie as a sympathetic character to keep the audience engrossed and to exploit one of the most fascinating human traits, and the triangular relationship between Eddie, Catherine and Rodolfo and Beatrice to show how easily a nuclear family can be dissolved by the introduction of a stranger who is welcomed with mixed opinions, much like a specie from a different ecosystem being introduced to a new one. Interestingly, with regard to the opinions, each member of the family represents a different opinion; Eddie represents the negative extremity (by wanting Rodolfo gone), Catherine the positive extremity (wanting to marry Rodolfo), and Beatrice who is neutral (doesnt mind, just wants Catherine gone). All these kinds of tension help to portray what happens when strangers enter a close-knit family which has mixed opinions, and that when pushed hard enough, people will forgo almost anything to protect their loved ones; their beliefs, their life, even if it really is all for the sake of self justified pride and dignity. To summarise it in one sentence, it basically says, Welcome to the human condition. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

The Published Financial Statement Accounting Essay

The Published Financial Statement Accounting Essay Annual report and accounts consists of different elements. A financial statement contains the financial information which is communicated to various users depending on their needs. The users can be internal or external users. The importance of this information varies, depending on the needs of specific users but according to the framework, the publication of financial information serves to reflect and to provide a clear image of the financial situation and performance of the entity which will help them to make a financial decision. Thomas and Marie (2012, 55). Users need financial information to assess the way the company uses its liquidity to fund its operations and investment, to be informed about its financial position and the nature of its resources for daily transactions, to estimate or predict the circumstances that may affect them, to be informed about the extent to which the company follows the laws and regulations. Usually the performance information is represented on the in come statement, the financial situation is represented on the balance sheet, and the information about changes in financial position is supplied in the notes to financial statements. Financial statements are the principal means of communicating financial information to various users. The framework defines seven essential users (Jill and Roger, 2007) but in contrast, Peter and Eddie (2002p 3) state that there are internal and external users who already have a relationship with the firm in economic terms or those who are interested in a future relationship. Starting with managers, Petter and Eddie (2002.3) noted that managers need information to assist them to make the decision and adopt and strategy of planning for the future. Furthermore, the manager who has been put in charge of presenting financial statements also needs this information to be sure that the management style, strategy and planning adopted are beneficial to the financial performance of the company. The conceptual framework states that the employees are principally interested in the type of information which permits them of having a clear idea about the stability and the performance of the company that they work for (Thomas and Ward,56 2012). Employees need information in order to ensure the stability of their jobs in the future, and to measure their ability to determine if there is a chance of getting a higher pay or promotion, and other benefits. The Investors need information about management policy, performance, stability and financial position of the company as well as to assess the risk and benefits provided by the investment in order to make a decision. Also, they need information to help them choose the proper time for transactions like buying and selling. Thomas and Ward (2012:56) Lenders are always taking risks which is why they choose the contract with lowest risk the framework noted that they are interested in information about performance and economic stability of the company, and also the information about the situation of liquidity available in the present and the future, in order to ensure whether the borrower is able to meet the deadlines for the payment of their loans and the interest. (Thomas and Ward, 2012:57). Regarding suppliers and other creditors, Thomas and Maries said that giving a loan and outputting goods without immediate payment is the same. This is the reason, they will be interested in the information that will help them at the beginning to decide whether to engage with company or not, and also to study the duration and the amount of credit to offer. According to the framework, suppliers and other creditors are interested in information that enable them to know whether they will be repaid at due date. Yet Suppliers and others creditors are interested in engaging with the enterprise for a shorter period compared to lenders who are concerned about liquidity position and the supplier seeks to know if there is a growth within the company and compare it with these production capacities. Jill and Roger (200741) states that the customers are interested in the information that enable them to evaluate the performance and ability of the company to continue its business and to know their capacity to meet the requirements of quality, the quantity and time to provide goods and services depending on customer needs. Governments and their agencies are composed by the tax authorities, financial and organization like central bank that has authority of control and regulations. Principally, the information is used as basis for calculating dues and taxes that the company has to pay. It has noted that the government and their agencies are interested in information about profitability and how it is distributed, with the aim of determining the tax policy, as they need information on the conduct of activities of entities to adjust them. (Thomas and Ward, 582012) The public is also interested in information about the performance of the company in order to define the level at which the company is progressing and its impact on economic development and social environment. To ensure that the information is useful to users for decision making, four qualitative characteristics need to be present in the information. Understandability the user must understand the information directly but should have basic knowledge of accounting and the economy. Relevance information must meet the needs of users in order for them to make decisions and enable them to compare the events of different periods. Reliability information must be reliable to give a real image of transactions and other operations. Comparability the information has to be available for comparison over time to determine the situation and the economic performance. (Jill and Hussey, 422007) It is true that the financial information addresses different user groups under standard characteristics, but it still has limitations on the usefulness of the information. The financial statement is based on historical costs. That is to say it is only monetary operations but the declaration is not correct. Also, with regards to the intangible assets there is no possibility of measuring the values of all of them in the sector of accounting. For instance, human resources are also ignored in most financial statements, and the brand value of the company is not on the statements either. Inflation is not included in the present value and all the information are based on estimates, so there is no real value on which the user can rely on. The financial statement does not take into consideration any anticipated financial condition that can happen in the industry and market which might affect the performance of the company and the decision taken by the different users of the financial statement which contains only financial information and ignores the non-financial information which is not sufficient for certain users as the case of public and employees. In contrast, investors are more concerned than other users by information presented in the financial statement. To conclude, the company is obliged to communicate the information under financial quality standards that are useful to different users, which are a total of eight. They are; managers, investors, customers, suppliers and other creditors, employees, lenders, government, and the general public. The objective of this information is to reflect the performance, position and stability of the company for the user to make a good decision. Despite the quality and control, the rest information is still not reliable and useful for certain users to make a decision.

An Analysis of Jack Londons To Build a Fire :: London To Build a Fire Essays

An Analysis of Jack London's To Build a Fire In her cultural criticism of Jack London's "To Build a Fire", Jill Widdicombe explores the question of whether the story's protagonist might have perished from the extreme cold of the Klondike winter even if with a traveling companion. She describes the brutality of the winter weather and, alluding to the man's confidence in his ability to survive the weather, describes it as "behavior most of us can understand" - especially if we are accustomed to warmer surroundings. She states: "the extreme cold of frosty landscapes--or "The White Silence", as London describes it--is so quiet and abstract that it does not immediately appear to be lethal". As the plot unfolds, I feel the story's protagonist falls victim to several factors brought into play at once: his inexperience with the severity of the Klondike winters, his inability to envision the possible consequences of his decision to travel alone in such weather, a series of unfortunate events during his trip, and the misjudgment exercised in his attempts to survive those incidents. Though quick and alert, the man's lack of imagination renders him unable to visualize what might happen to a man traveling without a companion should adverse circumstances arise in such severe weather in an uninhabited landscape. When he indeed finds himself in dire straits as a result of getting wet in the brutal freezing weather, he once again fails to imagine how quickly the cold will threaten his life and consequently misjudges the severity of his situation. His poor judgment causes him to make one mistake after another until he finds himself incapable of extricating himself from his situation . It seems obvious that had he made himself more familiar with the culture of the land and paid attention to the warnings of the old-timer on Sulpher Creek, he might have chosen to delay his trip and live to travel another day. Had he understood the importance of fostering a relationship with the dog, a native Husky with inbred instincts regarding the native climate, the dog would have interacted differently with him, maybe warning him of the danger of the weather through its actions or perhaps providing help, either by sharing its body heat or by going for help. However, instead he held little regard for the dog and the dog reciprocated: "there was no keen intimacy between the dog and the man.

Effect of Immigration Essay

Effect of Immigration Our communities are made up of so many different cultures, in our own group of friends we probably have Hispanics, African Americans, Asians and the list goes on and on. Our country is made up of so many people with different backgrounds that come to make a better future for themselves and their families. We see Hispanic super markets in our community, local Mexican restaurants or even flags from different countries in front of businesses. Immigrants cause an impact in our society politically, economically and culturally. The issue of immigration is major ebate in the united states. Although critics argued of negative impacts of immigrants such as overcrowding, drug trafficking and threatening of American culture, immigrants still have a great impact in our society. As stated before immigration has a big say on politics. We are starting to see how elections try to a pile to the Hispanic culture (Ildefonso Mendez and Isabel M. Cutillas) for example, when Obama went to Miami he tried to ask for coffee in Spanish. Recently, people wanting to reunite with their family members who may already have citizenship in he United States has been the major cause of immigration. More than one million people are coming to the United States for different reasons(lldefonso Mendez and Isabel M. Cutillas). Causes of immigration include religious freedom, better standard of living financially the need to bring their business to America, and academically for their children. Because of these uncontrollable reasons, the American Fernandez 2 government has created laws to legalize the residency of the immigrants (Ildefonso Mendez and Isabel M. Cutillas). Many of these reasons may sound pretty familiar to s because either we know people who are here for those reasons or we are here for those reasons. Those who argue against immigration do not realize that these immigrants benefit the economy. The American dollar has such a value, immigrants looking for a better living financially will get any type of Job that pays better than they were getting paid in their home country. They are the ones taking the unwanted Jobs by Native Americans(Alexandra Vinogradova pg. 201). Immigrants are usually forced to take unwanted Jobs for a low wage because they are not well educated or not luent in English ( Alexandra Vinogradova pg. 01). If you look around at the Food Court in any mall in south Florida, you will realize that most of the workers who keep the mall clean are either Hispanic or Caribbean. Nursing homes are filled with either HHA or CNA being either Hispanic or Caribbean also (Tomas R. Jimenez and Adam L. Is Panda Express American or Asian? Apparently it is Asian; Horowitz pg. 849). yet, at the mall the lines are filled with Americans waiting to be served Asian food. This is the impact the culture of immigrants has had on Americans. They bring a new ulture in America, which some most Americans embrace while others reject it. Those whom embrace it cook less at home and order Pizza’s which is an Italian Meal, Chinese food or Taco Bell, the Mexican Restaurant. There so many things we don’t stop to realize or take for granted but are there thanks to immigration. Immigration is in our daily lives, wherever we go, we have to deal with it. It has become part of the American living. Another example would be Sedano’s the Cuban Supermarket. This Fernandez 3 company easily provides Jobs for the Hispanic immigrant population. Because Cubans operate the company’s management, the use of English language may not necessarily be required because of the Hispanic environment. There is no need for them to speak English if their Boss, co-workers and customers all speak the same language. Such companies create thousands of Jobs and add to the economy. The issue of foreign workers has had an impact on politics. The beneficial aid of these skilled foreign workers has caught the government’s attention to permit them legal residence while in America (Ariana Mangual Figueroa pg. 333). An H-1 B visa is iven to skilled foreign workers for a limited time(Ariana Mangual Figueroa pg. 333). Unfortunately, once their Job ends they are no longer welcomed in America. H-1 B workers have impressed the Americans. Politicians on Capital Hill, led by Republican Senator Spencer Abraham of Michigan and Republican Representative David Dreier of California; have sponsored legislation to increase the number of H-1Bs from 1 15, 000 to 195, 000 per year, and President Clinton and House Minority Leader Richard Gephardt support the increase Oudis) (Ariana Mangual Figueroa pg. 333). If these mmigrants will not cause us a deficit or harm us, we should welcome them to work. After all, they contribute to the technology field and help our economy. By helping, they also keep the value of the dollar high which benefits them when they return home. Many have argued against immigration while pro-immigration respond that America was built by immigrants. Recently, Hispanics and Haitians have had an impact in America. They provide culture diversity. Hispanics have bought in their language to Florida . Signs are now written in both English and Spanish. Some Jobs require that you are bilingual in order to be employed.

I Need a Grant

I Need a Grant I forget that new writers enter the profession daily, and Im most reminded when a slew of them write me after seeing FundsforWriters.com for the first time. The first thing they see is GRANTS, and that throws their fledgling minds into overdrive, wondering how they can find some generous grant provider to offer money to a new writer. Its like rumors that some government agency will pay off your mortgage or write off your debt. In writing, nobody offers you a free lunch. You pay for that lunch. You can hope for a coupon here and there, or a free sandwich if you buy a coke, but nobody is going to offer lunch for free. Lets look at grants. Why do grants exist? Nobody cares about that, but grants have missions, too. Grants have specific purposes, and providing money to people who dont have it isnt the leading purpose. Its more about what someone wants to do with that money that matters. 1) They are created to fill an identified need. 2) They are created to make a difference with humanity. 3) They must demonstrate to the world that the money they spend has done great things. 4) They answer to high authorities about how effective and efficient theyve been with the money they doled out. 5) Their money depends upon politics, donations, and the economy. In other words, there arent pots of money waiting for people to apply for a share. The applicants for any grant must qualify using the following mindsets: 1) As if they were applying for a job, 2) As if they were promoting a product, and 3) As if they were seeking a loan at the bank. As noble as grants sound, grants are a sort of business venture for the grant provider. If they dont do well with the money they provide . . . if the projects that obtain grants do not demonstrate a positive end . . . then the grant provider has failed. The results? Less grant money to use in the future or even the dissolution of the entire grant entity. Lets visit a scenario of a new writer seeking a grant: A new writer may be from Montana and want to write about a boy who immigrates to New York and experiences a coming-of-age story. The writer asks for a grant to live in New York for several months to do research and think about how he will write the story. Nobody will fund this grant. Why? 1) There is no need to fund unpublished writers. There is a glut of writers out there as it is. 2) The writer is not experienced and cannot assure the grant provider they can write. 3) The writer cannot assure the grant provider they can publish. 4) The writer cannot assure the grant provider they have a market for the work. 5) The grant provider has to have a mission that somehow fits the story, the writer, or the writers need. Sowhen you think of a grant, think of it as a loan. They give you money based upon your qualifications, you have to follow their rules, and you pay it back with your projects success. Grants have needs, too, and they are careful with how they write their checks.

Jonathan safran foer Essays

Jonathan safran foer Essays Jonathan safran foer Essay Jonathan safran foer Essay Throughout this essay I will tell how he uses these strategies and how they work for him. Fore Uses imagery throughout his pieces to help you get a better understanding of what hes saying and to help you picture what is being said. His first use of imagery is used in the book Eating Animals when it says At first the situation doesnt look too bad. Its crowded, but they seem happy enough. (And human babies are kept in crowded indoor nurseries, right? ) And theyre cute. The exhilaration of seeing what came to see, and confronting all of these baby animals, has me feeling pretty good (Fore 89). The reason he used this is to help readers see that the chickens were crowded in a room but its no different than where babies are held which is in a crowded nursery. Also in Eating Animals he presents another example of imagery when he says Step your mind into a crowded elevator, an elevator so crowded you cannot turn around without bumping into (and aggravating) your neighbor. The elevator is so crowded you are often held aloft. This is kind of a blessing, as the slanted floor is made of wire, which cuts into your feet (Fore 47). This example really works for Fore because he tells you to picture it and then gives you a situation where you would be able to picture it perfectly and physically imagine yourself there. This strategy helps the reader more fully understand what the author is trying to describe. It makes the reader actually imagine what it is like and care more about the situation. Anyone can hear that something is terrible, but no one really cares until they experience it for themselves. Fore also represents imagery in an article he writes entitled Speechless which s about how his sons vocabulary isnt advanced enough to fully understand what he is experiencing or is being told. In the article he says There was a period, about a year ago, when every few nights my wife and I would be awakened by the sound of little steps in the darkness. Then our sons quick breathing in our room, and finally his trembling voice from the foot of the bed: I had a nightmare (Fore, Speechless). This form of imagery is to show the reader how distinct the sound was so you can actually picture the child walking through the hallway into the room. This works for Fore by being able to share a story that many adults can relate to because many children have nightmares, so he really connects with his readers using this imagery. Imagery is used very well in Foyers work but he does a good job with adding many metaphors. Foyers use of metaphors is spread throughout his writing and made reading them much more enjoyable. In the book Eating Animals he uses an example which says We could hear the bullet wed dodged whistle past me (Fore 52). This metaphor is used to emphasize the importance and severity of the situation. It gives the reader a better feeling of just how much the situation meant to the author. By using the term bullet, Fore makes his story that much more dramatic and emotional. This particular metaphor works in Foyers book because he is telling how serious the situation could have been, but by dodging the bullet he is saying things are good but could have been far worse. Also in an article by Fore titled How To Not Be Alone In The 21st Century, Fore reminds us to pay attention to people in our interconnected world. Too often, we forget to do this. He uses an example adapter when he says l worry that the closer the world gets to our fingertips, the further it gets from our hearts (Fore, How To Not Be Alone In The 21st Century). This metaphor is used to show how technology is evolving everyday and people are too focused with it and not paying attention to the things that are happening right in front of them. This was very important for Fore to put in his article because it applies to everyone, its not just targeted to one specific demographic, and it targets people around the world because technology is everywhere and is improving. In another article by Fore Eating Animals Makes Us Sick, he says your friend didnt catch a bug as much as eat a bug (Fore, Eating Animals Makes us Sick). This metaphor is one that is expressed widely when people talk about getting sick. This one works in Poems perspective because he figures that is a figure of speech everyone knows well enough to figure out and make sense of what hes saying. His metaphors are all in relation to make the reader become more comfortable with his writings and makes them want to read more and more by offering them great metaphors that will simplify what he is saying. The last metaphor moms from Eating Animals also, it says But herds the elephant in the room: why eat animals at all? (Fore, 210). Fore uses this rhetorical strategy to simply point out the obvious. He shows that many people are afraid to ask themselves this question so in this part he puts it all out on the table. He wants to make people think about the uncomfortable questions in the back of their minds and the questions that no one has ever thought to bring up. His bluntness makes the reader see animals as animals, and makes the reader take into consideration whether eating animals is the right thing to do ND if consuming the chemicals within them is or is not worth the taste. Metaphors are something that worked for Fore but his appeal to pathos is something that he frequently repeats. Pathos is one Of Foyers main go-to signature strategies. No matter what he writes he somehow finds a way to appeal to the readers emotions by what he is saying. The first use of pathos in the book says One time I just took my knife-its sharp enough- and I sliced off the end of a hogs nose, just like a piece of bologna. The hog went crazy for a few seconds. Then just sat there looking kind of stupid. So I took a handful of salt brine and ground it into its nose (Fore 253). This really appeals to the readers emotions because that is something you dont imagine happening to animals, its gruesome and brutal to do something like that and unnecessary. This type of pathos really gets to the reader and really works for Fore because by telling about the things that happen to animals on farms, really spreads awareness of not only how they are made but how they are treated behind the radar. Because pathos is such a good rhetorical device for him, he puts a lot into his book. Another example being, Water in these tanks has been aptly named fecal soup for all the filth and bacteria floating around. By immersing clean, healthy birds in the same tank with dirty ones, youre practically assuring cross-contamination (Fore 135). This is also a great way to appeal to the readers emotions because in those words you see how dirty the food that is being processed is and really think to themselves, is this what I Want to be putting in my body, is this something that will make me sick and when you get your reader to ask themselves those questions then Ive effectively appealed to their emotions. In his article Speechless, Fore uses the unthinkable and most emotional topic to appeal to the readers emotions. He brings up 9/11. No matter what story, the thought of 9/1 1 automatically causes emotion from people because that was a sad day in American history, lives were changed, and nothing was ever the same. In the article he tells how if his child were to ask about it he would simply just say Because they were trying to kill the people in the buildings, and scare everyone else; because they were angry about certain things America had one; because the fires weakened the steel that held the towers up (Fore, Speechless). This quote works so well for Fore and he used it because he knew that he would get an emotional response out of whoever was reading it. Overall Jonathan Saffron Fore, along with many other authors, likes to have certain rhetorical strategies that they use no matter what they are writing. In this case Fore uses a lot of imagery, metaphors, and appeals to the readers emotions by using pathos in a number of his writings. These trademarked strategies are what makes his writing so unique and his own.

About the Giant Antaeus in Mythology

About the Giant Antaeus in Mythology Antaeus, son of Gaia and Poseidon, was a Libyan giant whose strength appeared invincible. He challenged all passers-by to a wrestling match that he invariably won. Upon winning, he slaughtered his adversaries. That is until he met Hercules. Antaeus Challenges Hercules Hercules had gone to the garden of the Hesperides for an apple. (The Hesperides, daughters of Night or the Titan Atlas, took care of the garden.) On Hercules way back, the giant Antaeus challenged the hero to a wrestling match. No matter how many times Hercules threw Antaeus off and tossed him to the ground, it did no good. If anything, the giant appeared rejuvenated from the encounter. The Strength of Antaeus From His Mother Gaia Hercules eventually realized that Gaia, the Earth, Antaeus mother, was the source of his strength, so Hercules held the giant aloft until all his power had drained away. After he killed Antaeus, Hercules proceeded safely back to his taskmaster, King Eurystheus. Incidentally, the modern American hero and demigod Percy Jackson, in the eponymous series, written by Rick Riordan, also defeats Antaeus by suspending him above the earth. Ancient Sources for Antaeus   Some ancient writers who mention Antaeus are Pindar, Apollodorus, and Quintus Ancient Sources for Antaeus  Smyrnus.

BIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

BIO - Essay Example Additionally, Barbara developed theories the suppression and expression of genetic information across generations. Walter Sutton greatly contributed to the theory of evolution. Sutton believed that it was possible to apply the Mendelian laws of inheritance to chromosomes at cellular level of living organisations (Lynch, Jay, and Derek 56). This led to the creation of Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. This theory posits that chromosomes are the carriers of genetic materials. Walter Sutton, the proponent of this theory, believed that chromosomes are found in all dividing cells and are transmitted from generation to generation, thus forming the bases of inheritance. Herman Muller concentrated on the study of physiological and genetic impacts of radiation. According to Herman, radioactive fallout originating from nuclear war and nuclear testing posed a great risk the genetic make-up of living cells (Lynch, Jay, and Derek 11). Herman revealed that there was a cross correlation between radiation and lethal mutations, which were responsible for altering biological traits in populations. Corren’s primary focus was on botany and genetics. He independently discovered the principles of heredity, which contributes to evolution and natural selection. Corren restated Mendel’s results including his law of independent assortment and law of segregation. These are the fundamental laws used for understanding natural

THE COMPARISON OF CONTRAST MEAD AND BOURDIEU THEORIES Essay

THE COMPARISON OF CONTRAST MEAD AND BOURDIEU THEORIES - Essay Example Perceiving a house is same as to perceive shelter. That is why it is concluded that perception is the action plans that individual takes (Baldwin, 90-91). Mead’s society based on an open society of open selves, (Herbert, pp 6). His theories are synthesis of German idealism which states that, the self’s â€Å"perception and semantics’† and "a common practice of various subjects" (Baldwin, 203-205) found particularly in social brushes., Mead’s self states to be significantly knitted within a sociological presence: For Mead, existence in community lies before individual awareness. Mead focused that all human beings including men and women start their apprehension of the social world through "play" and "game". "Play" lies prior in the childs development and growth (Baldwin, pp. 23-31). The self-development is dependent on learning in order to capture the role of other. Therefore, a child can play different actions he notices in "adult" society, and performs them out to take an understanding of the various social roles. Moreover, it is simply the matter that, what others do. Every step is a learning step that starts from imitation through play acting world of children. Whereas, Pierre Bourdie was a famous French sociologist born on first august 1930.his work provide the framework for social and symbolic violence that enables the dynamics to reveal the human power connections in our social life. However, he argued that individuals either schools or writers should bring their expertise to bear responsibly on political and social issues. He drew different methods from a broad range of various disciplines, specially philosophy anthropology and sociology. One of his famous books is â€Å"Distinction† describes the space of social lifestyle and space of social positions or a Social Critique of the assessment of Taste. Moreover, Bourdie describes the scholastic point of view, means things of logic and logic of things. Moreover, he loved intellectual combat,

Roles of Psychiatric Nurses in Mental Health Nursing Essay

Roles of Psychiatric Nurses in Mental Health Nursing - Essay Example At the same time, some contemporary cultures are more tolerant, and their beliefs suggest that family and community members are keys to the care and treatment of the mentally ill. The impact of longstanding beliefs and values on care provision: Mental health nurses are from the population, and before being mental health nurses, they were lay people. Therefore, it is very likely that the beliefs and values about mental health deeply ingrained in societies would be carried forward in the nurses, unless they acquire mental health literacy. It is ironical that while amongst the nurses, the importance of health literacy in terms of physical health is well recognised, even among them, the area of mental health literacy is comparatively ignored. Prejudice, stereotyping, and stigma of the healthcare professionals in the psychological health field has influenced care traditionally, mainly because of the fact that those are difficult to change, and if this occurs in the mental health nurses, would influence the care outcome. When nurses understand different cultures as they relate to individual feelings and motivations, they will be better equipped to adapt mental health care to the backgrounds and lifestyles of their clients. It is a matter of growing concern and an important issue in delivery of mental health care in the Australian Healthcare System. According to the DHS (1998) one of the roles of the psychiatric nurse is to have an awareness of stigma and the ability to challenge their beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and bias about mental disorder. It is required by the standards of practice to implement this changing "attitude" of the nurses into practice to eliminate discrimination in practice, and therefore, "Reflecting on practice, feelings and beliefs and the consequences of these for individuals/groups is an important professional benchmark" (ANMC, 2006). Nursing care of people with psychiatric illnesses and emotional problems very frequently are more complex because of cultural differences between the nurses' and patients' backgrounds and cultural heritages. It is important for nurses to understand clearly the thinking and perspectives of other cultures and groups, especially to which their clients belong. Because treating mental disorders is intertwined with peoples' attitudes about themselves, their beliefs, values, and ways of interacting with their families and communities, it is crucial that psychiatric nurses be culturally competent in their practice. The awareness about these factors leads to knowledge and alteration of beliefs about mental disorders in nurses, and this alteration would aid the recognition, better management, and efficient prevention of these disorders. This awareness has several components including the ability to recognise specific disorders or different types of psychological distress, knowledge and beliefs about risk factors and causes, knowledge and beliefs about interventions, and attitudes that facilitate recognition and offer help. Poor knowledge about mental illness and negative attitude towards patients suffering from mental illness is widespread among the mental health workers including nurses. Educational interventions can reduce stigma, and as noted earlier, stigmatizing opinions are not related to knowledge. Mental health

Intercultural communications Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intercultural communications - Term Paper Example As it is almost impossible to describe or explain any culture in a few words, but picking the most important facts, Thai culture could be said to be dynamic. One cannot describe Thai culture well without, first of all, mentioning the royal family. Everything in this South East Asian country rallies around the Thai King, who is both the official and constitutional head of Thai Kingdom (Baker & Phongpaichit 35). There are countless festivals, seasonal celebrations and rituals to mark the King’s birthday, the royal history and the history of Thailand. A short insight into the history of Thailand revealed that past Thai Kings had fought many battles to keep Thai people alive. Till today, Thailand is one of the countries in the world that has never been colonized by any foreign powers. So, Thai culture is almost unaffected by any strange culture unlike in case of many former colonist countries, where the colonialist cultures, be it British, French or Portuguese have changed the way people in such countries behave. Thai culture remains traditionally Thai, though modernity is changing the people’s lifestyles, but it doesn’t forcefully erase Thai traditional ways of life. Starting with fashion, the traditional Thai fashion is made from the shining Thai silk that has several colors. Shirts could be made for men using the silk, and Thai women often adore themselves with tight skirts, wrappers and blouse sewed from the Thai silk. A typical festival in Thailand would reveal how colorful this Thai silk is, and how fitting they look on Thai people. In the area of food and dishes, there are traditional but delicious Thai cuisines: prominent among them are the Tom Yum Kung and rice and noodles. Like most Asian dishes, Thai foods are salty, peppery, spicy, sweet or n\bitter. Rice appears to be the staple food for Thai people, but they eat it with varieties of soups and other side

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The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions - Term Paper Example History has been a direct witness to the fact that the powerful economies of the world, mainly the colonizers have redrawn the political boundaries of nations all around the globe, to serve their selfish needs. Even after the closure of the Second World War, British and French forces colonized the rest of the Mediterranean mainly, Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries. When Jewish populations were recovering from the Nazi storm that ate up three fourths of their population, Britain took the decision to create a separate land that would be called home of Jews. Israel was created as a Jewish national state and was founded in 1948. Everyone hoped for a bright future of the new state as the timing was parallel to when freedom was granted to large countries like India (which attained independence in 1947). Britain has been criticized for the cruel treatment of ethnic cleansing that it originally meted out to the Jewish populations after the World War I. However, since other populations like Germans and Italians were also experiencing the brunt of the British Empire (Dimitrakis, 2012, 78), they also resorted to ethnic cleansing, a mindset that led to the Second World War and the Holocaust (Ogilvie & Miller, 2006, 67). Britain’s anti-Jew and pro-Jew roles have been always criticized since, being a world power, it had initially done nothing to stop the ethnic cleansing of European countries. When the World War took immensely horrific shape, only then did Britain decide to take the side of the side that seemed to do the right thing, which in this context was the United States. The procedure of uprooting existing Palestinian populations to make way for a new land for the Jews had to always have a negative impact on the peace of the Arab world. The erstwhile Soviet Union was supportive of the new Jewish national state. However, when major Arab populations started

Position Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Position Statements - Essay Example In fact, there is a very simple test to check whether there group is a team or not. If there is at least one common objective that can only be accomplished by the joint efforts of all people involved then that group is a team (Hardingham, 1998). On the other hand if we dig deep down in a technical aspect, if there is only one person accountable for the objectives that a group of people is working to achieve by joining efforts, then that cluster of people cannot be regarded as a team. That is a group. But it doesn’t mean this structure is less efficient or less effective than a team (Parker, 2003). But the more important question than the definition of group or team is the direction of these collections of individuals. Where are they heading? It is a common misconception that forming only a team will help increase the efficiency, if there is no specific purpose to bring together people, either as a group or as a team it is not going to serve the purpose. Another misapprehension is that only companies and giant corporate have mission and vision statements. An effective team is like a small dense company model that takes care of the mission it is given and acts under a team or group leader who recognizes the potential and individual abilities of team/group members. That is how a team work or a group is defined which amazingly a small number of people

Intercultural communications Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intercultural communications - Term Paper Example As it is almost impossible to describe or explain any culture in a few words, but picking the most important facts, Thai culture could be said to be dynamic. One cannot describe Thai culture well without, first of all, mentioning the royal family. Everything in this South East Asian country rallies around the Thai King, who is both the official and constitutional head of Thai Kingdom (Baker & Phongpaichit 35). There are countless festivals, seasonal celebrations and rituals to mark the King’s birthday, the royal history and the history of Thailand. A short insight into the history of Thailand revealed that past Thai Kings had fought many battles to keep Thai people alive. Till today, Thailand is one of the countries in the world that has never been colonized by any foreign powers. So, Thai culture is almost unaffected by any strange culture unlike in case of many former colonist countries, where the colonialist cultures, be it British, French or Portuguese have changed the way people in such countries behave. Thai culture remains traditionally Thai, though modernity is changing the people’s lifestyles, but it doesn’t forcefully erase Thai traditional ways of life. Starting with fashion, the traditional Thai fashion is made from the shining Thai silk that has several colors. Shirts could be made for men using the silk, and Thai women often adore themselves with tight skirts, wrappers and blouse sewed from the Thai silk. A typical festival in Thailand would reveal how colorful this Thai silk is, and how fitting they look on Thai people. In the area of food and dishes, there are traditional but delicious Thai cuisines: prominent among them are the Tom Yum Kung and rice and noodles. Like most Asian dishes, Thai foods are salty, peppery, spicy, sweet or n\bitter. Rice appears to be the staple food for Thai people, but they eat it with varieties of soups and other side

Position Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Position Statements - Essay Example In fact, there is a very simple test to check whether there group is a team or not. If there is at least one common objective that can only be accomplished by the joint efforts of all people involved then that group is a team (Hardingham, 1998). On the other hand if we dig deep down in a technical aspect, if there is only one person accountable for the objectives that a group of people is working to achieve by joining efforts, then that cluster of people cannot be regarded as a team. That is a group. But it doesn’t mean this structure is less efficient or less effective than a team (Parker, 2003). But the more important question than the definition of group or team is the direction of these collections of individuals. Where are they heading? It is a common misconception that forming only a team will help increase the efficiency, if there is no specific purpose to bring together people, either as a group or as a team it is not going to serve the purpose. Another misapprehension is that only companies and giant corporate have mission and vision statements. An effective team is like a small dense company model that takes care of the mission it is given and acts under a team or group leader who recognizes the potential and individual abilities of team/group members. That is how a team work or a group is defined which amazingly a small number of people

Effect of Incorporation of Carrot Powder in Wheat Flour Essay Example for Free

Effect of Incorporation of Carrot Powder in Wheat Flour Essay Effect of Incorporation of Carrot Powder in Wheat Flour for the Preparation of Stick Noodles Kripa Shakya1 and Anup Halwai2 1. College of Applied Food and Dairy Technology,Kathamndu, Nepal 2. Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Kathamndu, Nepal [emailprotected] com Abstract Noodles were prepared by incorporating carrot powder in the percentage of 5, 10, 15 and 20 in wheat flour. The main objective of the work was to prepare the nutritious noodle enriched with Vitamin A. Sensory evaluation of the carrot powder incorporated stick noodles revealed that the product prepared with 5% carrot powder and 95% wheat flour was found to be most acceptable. The chemical analysis of the most acceptable product were found out to be 10. 8% moisture, 0. 6% fat, 10. 3 % crude protein, 0. 7% crude fiber,1. 7% total ash, 0. 1% acid insoluble ash, 75. 8% carbohydrate and 12166 I. U. Vitamin A content. Keywords: Noodle, wheat flour, carrot powder, Vitamin A 1. Introduction: Noodles are among the oldest forms of the processed foods consumed in Asia and other parts of the world (Hou, 2001). Noodles can be prepared from wheat flour alone and/or in combination with other ingredients such as rice flour, buckwheat and mung bean.. In the noodle preparation, a crumbly dough is formed which is then passed through a series of rolls to form a sheet. The sheet is then slit to produce noodles (Hou, 2001). Carrot (Daucus carota) is a root vegetable, usually orange or red- white blend in color with crisp texture when fresh. Carrot gets its characteristic and bright orange color from ? carotene, which is metabolized into vitamin A in human when bile salts are present in the intestines. Carrots are also rich in dietary fiber, and antioxidants. Carrot can also promote colon health as it is rich in fiber. Vitamin A deficiency remains widespread in many countries in South Asia and contributes to a significant proportion of preventable blindness (Bloem, 1997). Vitamin A supplementation can reduce the risk of blindness in case of the children (Hennig et al. 1991). In Nepal, two types of noodles are consumed. They are stick (sinke) noodle and instant noodle. In case of instant noodle, different ingredients and nutrients has been added to improve the nutrient content and to increase the consumer appeal such as iron, calcium and vitamin A and different flavors like spinach, chicken and vegetables. But, to the best of my knowledge, in case of noodles, no such studies have been conducted. The main objective of this research is to prepare the noodle enriched with Vitamin A and to analyze its chemical composition of the product. 2. Materials and methods: The raw materials used for the noodle making for wheat flour, carrot powder and salt. Five samples of stick noodles were prepared and labeled A (0% carrot powder and 100% wheat flour), B (5% carrot powder and 95% wheat flour), C (10% carrot powder and 90% wheat flour), D (15% carrot powder and 85% wheat flour) and E (20% carrot powder and 80% wheat flour). Wheat flour was cleaned by passing through a fine sieve screen. Fresh carrots were washed with potable water, sliced, dried at 100Â ±2 ? C for 6 hours. The dried carrots were then powdered in the grinder. Salt was bought from the local market. The method involved cleaning of raw materials, sieving, mixing, of water, kneading, sheeting, cutting, drying and packaging. The raw materials were weighed and mixed manually. 1% of salt was added to the mixture. The required amount of water (33%) was added to the flour. The mixture was kneaded manually to form dough and then left for 30 minutes. The dough was passed through rollers to obtain a sheet. Then it was passed through the cutter to cut into strips. The noodles were dried at a low humidity room for 3 days and then sun drying was done for 1 hour. The products were packed in a plastic bag to protect from the moisture absorption and also to extend its shelf-life. Sensory evaluation of the five noodles samples were performed. Ten panelists were asked to score for the quality attributes viz. , color, flavor, texture and taste in order of their preference according the 9-point Hedonic rating test described by Ranganna (1994). Chemical analyses were performed for the best sample from the sensory evaluation The moisture content and ash content were determined as per AOAC method (1995)Fat rude fiber content and protein content were determined as per Ranganna, 1994. Vitamin content was determined by HPLC as prescribed by Pharmacopeia, 1985. The product was also tested for physical properties such as length, color, edge and thickness. The cooking quality of the product was also determined in terms of cooking time, water absorption capacity, volume expansion and cooking loss as per Poudyal, 1988. 3. Results and Discussions The moisture content of the wheat flour was determined as 12. 2% and its gluten content was determined as 10%. To make noodles, the wheat flour containing 10-12% gluten is suitable. The quality of the wheat flour to make noodles depend on the gluten. If the gluten content is low, there is chance of breakage of noodles. Similarly, the moisture content of the carrot powder was determined as 9. 5%. Sample A with 5% carrot powder had the highest score in terms of quality attributes although the quality attributes among other products except product D (with 20% carrot powder) were not significantly different. (p=0. 05) In case of stick noodle, according to Nepal Standard, the moisture content must not exceed 12. 5%. The moisture content of both type of noodle is less than 12. 5% and there is no big difference between the moisture content of the two products. The protein content of stick noodle must not be less than 8% on dry basis. The protein content of plain noodle was found to be 10. 2% and that of carrot noodle was found to be 10. 3%. There was not much difference in the protein content because the protein content in carrot is very low. Fat is an energy giving constituent. Fat content of the plain noodle was found to be 0. 6% and that of carrot noodle was found to be 0. 6%. The fiber content of the plain noodle was found to be 0. 35% and that of carrot noodle was found to be 0. 7%. The fiber content in high in carrot.

Ebola Outbreak 2014: Causes and Treatments

Ebola Outbreak 2014: Causes and Treatments Asra Ali Table of Contents (Jump to) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History 1.3 Characteristic of EBOV 1.4 Symptoms 1.5 Diagnosis Methods 1.6 Treatments for Ebola Virus 1.7 Conclusions Reference list 1.1 Introduction EVD is a hemorrhagic illness having a severe fatality rate of 90% that has caused an epidemic in West Africa in the year 2014 (World Health Organization, 2014). This is considered to be the most deadly and the first to occur in West Africa and in its history. (Weekly Epidemiological Report, 2014). As mentioned above, the first outbreak of the virus took place in Central Africa; it consisted of nearly 5,000 cases up to date (World Health Organization, 2014). According to study conducted by Lamantagne et al (2014), states that that 30,000 individuals have been reported dead in the month of September 2014 itself. He also provokes that this has brought an urgency to bring the epidemic situation to a control. No current attacks in Sri Lanka with respect to Ebola have arose; however, Dr. P.G. Mahipala says that screening facilities have been attempted to monitor Sri Lankans and outsiders in the Katunayaka International Airport (Colombo page, 2014). Since certain studies confirm that Rousettus aegyptiacus is the natural reservoir of the virus, it is still challenging scientists to find out the exact route of transmission (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). However, it is noted that Ebola is spread through direct contact. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). 1.2 History Ebola is a zoonotic disease caused by a viral pathogen that causes lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans (Sullivan, Yang andNabel, 2003). This disease is known to be caused by a RNA containing virus that belongs to the family of Filoviridae and genus of Ebola virus (Chowell and Nishiura, 2014). Ebola viral disease (EVD) is also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, which was first, discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Central Africa, of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which was formerly known as Zaire (Draper, 2002). However, it was reported to have an outbreak of 284 people being infected with the disease having mortality rate of 53% that lasted for 27 years (Sullivan, Yang andNabel, 2003; Waterman, 1999). Furthermore, the second attack of Ebola emerged from Yambuka that was caused by one of the strains of Ebola virus known to be the Zaire Ebola virus (EBOZ) that had the highest mortality rate of 88% (Waterman, 1999) where 7 people were dead among 31 casualties ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Tremendous research have been studied but never succeeded in finding the natural reservoir of the virus (Waterman, 1999). However, it is now concluded that since EVD is zoonotic disease, it is spread by Rousettus aegyptiacus of the fruit bat species of the sub-Saharan region and central African region. Figure 1 illustrates the historical outbreak of the virus (Feldmann, 2014) Figure 1: The Historical Outbreak of Ebola Virus (Waterman, 1999). Filoviridae viruses are usually found in green monkeys imported from Africa (Peters and Leduc, 1999). The first significant outbreak of Ebola occurred in Sudan that killed infected human and non-human primates (World Health Organization, 2014). However, the evolutionary history of Ebola remains unclear (Li and Chen, 2013). In 1989, Ebola appeared in monkey imported to Reston, Virginia, primate facility of Washington, DC (peters and peters, 1999). In addition, it has been reported that small subclinical outbreaks in the United States and Philippines had spread but were not so lethal for humans (CDC, 2003, sited in Casilas et al, 2003). Ebola usually has a fatality rate that often exceeds 80% (Geisbert et al, 2008). Although the clinical course is well known, the specific mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of Ebola virus is not clearly known (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). People are infected through the use of unsterilized needles and syringes (Peters and Peters, 1999). 1.3 Characteristic of EBOV EBOV are non-segmented, negative strand RNA viruses which constitute to the family Filoviridae (Stimola, 2011; Kim, 1999). The viral multiplies as a result of the genome coding capacity that produces a number of transcripts encoding for structural and non-structural glycoproteins (Mehedi, 2013). Ebola genome consists of seven genes where Viral Protein 40 (VP40) is expressed the most abundantly (Gyamfi et al, 2013). VP40 usually assembles on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, however the mechanistic details of plasma membrane by VP40 is not yet clearly known (Gyamfi et al, 2013). Hence, this is achieved by RNA editing, where non-template adenosine residues are in co-operated into the mRNA of EBOV at an editing site encoding for seven adenosine residues (Mehedi, 2013). Ebola enters the human cell by using one of the seven surface proteins available on the membrane, to trick the cell into thinking that the virus is not pathogenic thereby making the immune response inactive (Stimola,2011). Figure 2 illustrates an Electron Micrograph of Ebola virus Figure 2: Electron Micrograph of Ebola Virus (CDC, 2014). The virion containing RNA is a negative sense strand (complementary to RNA), therefore it is copied into a complementary plus-strand for protein formation to proceed for pathogenesis (Hunt, 2010).Virology studies have found very few about the EBOV as it contains genes less than a dozen when compared to other viruses like poxviruses and herpes viruses (Peters and Peters, 1999). The transmission of the virus usually takes place through broken skin or mucous membranes, with blood, secretions such as semen or any other body fluids such as breast milk of infected people (WHO, 2014). 1.4 Symptoms The incubation period of the virus is between 2 to 21 days (World Health Organization, 2014). Symptoms arises only after the first 10 days of infection which includes Fever, Severe Headache, chills, weakness, joint and muscle aches, (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Further Symptoms includes vomiting, diarrhea, impaired kidney and liver function where internal and external bleeding can persists (World Health Organization, 2014). As the virus enters the body, cytokines are released when reticuloendothelial cells encounter the virus which contributes to inflammatory responses that can be violent. (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Stimola (2011) explains that lungs are filled in blood that causes individuals to cough out blood. Furthermore, she states that bleeding from eyes and skin are also prominent features of the disease. Severe damage to the liver, with the combination of massive viremia, leads to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and eventually, it infects the micro-vascular endothelial cells and compromises vascular integrity (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Diarrhea and vomiting is due to severe gastrointestinal illness and volume depletion with a series of metabolic disorders occurs, ultimately hypovolemic shock occurs (Lamantagne et al, 2014). 1.5 Diagnosis Methods Ebola is a disease that is unable to be distinguished among other diseases such as Malaria, Typhoid Fever and Meningitis (World Health Organization, 2014). This is because Ebola virus replicates at a very high rate which overwhelms the protein synthesis of infected cells and the host immune system (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Patients are diagnosed using various methods such as ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) technique, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reactions) and various other laboratory tests (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). ELISA is sensitive and specific in determination of the viral antigens in serum that screen large numbers of suspect human samples in a short period of time (Peters and Peters, 1999). During infection it is known that both the proteins of host and viral cells contribute to the pathogenesis of Ebola Virus (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Further into the course of the disease or after the patients recovery immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G can be de tected (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). Table 1.1 illustrates the diagnostic methods available. Timeline of Infection Diagnostic Tests Available Within a few days after symptoms begin Antigens capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing. Immunoglobulin M ELISA PCR (Polymerase Chain Reactions) Virus Isolation Later in disease course or after recovery Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G anti-bodies Retrospectively in deceased patients Immunohistochemistry testing Polymerase Chain Reaction Virus Isolation Table 1.1: Diagnostic Methods (CDC, 2014). Detection can also depend on molecular techniques including multiple reverse transcriptase PCR assays. (Feldmann, 2014). Immunohistochemistry, PCR and Isolation of the Virus are also performed (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). Laboratory testing using polymerase chain reaction gives a specific result and this is used widely as a result (Lamontagne, 2014). Antigen detection maybe performed to confirm immediate diagnosis, whereas, assays for detection of anti-bodies are secondary tests that are primarily important (Feldmann, 2014). Samples from patients are extreme biohazard risk in which laboratory testing on non-inactivated samples and should be conducted under maximum protective conditions (World Health Organization, 2014). 1.6 Treatments for Ebola Virus Recovery from Ebola depends on good clinical care and the patients immune response (CDC, 2014). The Global Health Security Agenda aims to strengthen public health systems that need to eradicate the deadly EVD (Frieden et al, 2014). Standard precautions are used by health care workers by using personal protection equipment to prevent exposure from the infected (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). Effective way to keep away from the Ebola virus is to use Soap, dilute bleach, or any alcohol based hand sanitizers, which readily disrupts the envelope of the single stranded RNA virus (lamantagne et al, 2014). Three core interventions have stopped every pathogenic disease and the way of transmission. These are exhaustive case and contact tracing, effective response to patients and the community, and preventive interventions (Lamantagne et al, 2014). There is no proven treatment available for Ebola Virus Disease but through supportive care rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids for specific symptoms, improves survival (World Health Organization, 2014). Currently available antiviral medications are not effective (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). When a person can no longer drink, intravenous medications are given and delivery of appropriate replacement solutions are required but in some cases the victims die due to inadequate intravenous fluid resuscitation (Lamantagne et al,2014). Passive transfer of antibodies in animal models only delayed the onset of symptoms and did not alter overall survival (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). The activated allogeneic lymphocytes and the increased number of platelets erythrocytes, and plasma were probably beneficial (Peters and Peters, 1999). People who recover from Ebola develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years (CDC, 2014). Some people who have recovered from the infection of Ebola have developed complications as joint and vision problems which could be there for a long time (CDC, 2014). In Ebola infection the ability of neutralizing antibodies to serve as passive immunotherapies is not well understood (Lee and Saphire, 2014). 1.7 Conclusions Ebola is a viral hemorrhagic zoonotic disease that is caused by the genus Ebola virus that consists of negative sense RNA (Sullivan, Yang andNabel, 2003). This was first discovered in the 1976 in the central Africa of DRC. (Draper, 2002). Since then, there have been many outbreaks that have been identified having a mortality rate of over 90% (World Health Organization, 2014). Ebola is transmitted by the vector Rousettus aegyptiacus (fruit bat) that infects humans and non-human primates through direct contact such as body fluids and physical contact (Feldmann, 2014). Symptoms are usually vomiting, diarrhea that lead to multiple organ failure and hemorrhage (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Therefore adequate diagnosis such as PCR and other various techniques such ELISA are used (Turner and Cheryl, 2014). Simultaneously, treatments are also been done to patients such as vaccination of antibodies and drug therapy.†¦. And proper sanitary implication that provides a better health system and to re duce the epidemic of Ebola (Stimola, 2011). Reference list Adu-Gyamfi, E., Soni, S.P., Xue, Y., Digman, M.A., Gratton, E. and Stahelin, R.V., (2013) ‘The Ebola Virus matrix protein penetrates into the plasma membrane: a key step in viral protein 40 (VP40) oligomerization and viral egress’, PubMed, 288(8), pp.5779-5789. [Online]. doi:10.1074/Jbc.M112.443960 (Accessed: 01 November 2014). Allison, S. P. (2002) Epidemics. Google Books [Online].Available at: http://books.google.co.uoks?id=FohdK6o8WICprintsec=frontcoverdq=books+on+ebolahl=ensa=Xei=nnEVVJ-HK8XsaPb8gdgFv (Accessed: 31 October 2014). Casillas, A.M., Nyamathi, A.M., Sosa, A., Wilder, C.L. and Sands, H. (2003) ‘A Current Review of Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic Assessment’,Biological Research for Nursing, 9, pp.268-275. [Online]. DOI: 10.1177/1099800403252603 (Accessed: 31 October 2014). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014)Ebola (Ebola virus disease).Available at:http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/symptoms/index.html?s_cid=cs_3923(Accessed: 31 October 2014). Colombo Page News Desk (2014) Sri Lanka Ebola Screening Facilities at International Airport Ready. Available at: www.colombopage.com/archieve_14B/Aug10_1407656253CH.php (Accessed: 02 November 2014). Epidemiological Unit Ministry of Health (2014) Ebola hemorrhagic fever: fact sheet. Available at: www.epid.gov.lk/web/attachments/article/146/Ebola_hemorrhagic_fever_Sheet.pdf (Accessed: 02 November 2014). Feldmann, H., (2014) ‘Ebola-A growing Threat’, The New England Journal of Medicine, 371, pp. 1375-1378. [Online].doi:10.1056/NEJMP1405314 (Accessed: 02 November 2014). Frieden, T.R., Damon, I., Bell, B.P., Kenyon, T. and Nichol, S. (2014) ‘Ebola 2014 – New Challenges, new global response and responsibility’, 371, pp. 1177-1180.[Online].doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1409903 (Accessed: 2 November 2014). Hunt, M., (2010) Virology, Available at: http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/rna-ho.htm (Accessed: 01 November 2014). King, J.W., Khan, A.A., Chunha, B.A., Kerkering, T.M., Malik, R. and Talavera, F. (2003)Medscape.Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/216288-overview(Accessed: 31 October 2014). Lamontagne, F., Clement, C., Fletcher, T., Jacob, S.T., Fischer, W. A. and Fowler, R. A. (2014). ‘Doing Todays’ Work Superbly well-Treating Ebola with Current Tools’ The New England Journal Of Medicine, 371, pp.1565-1566.[Online].doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1411310 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Lee, J. and Saphire, E. (2009). ‘Ebola virus glycoprotein structure and mechanism of entry’, Future Virology, 4(6), pp.621-635.[Online]. Doi: 10.2217/fvl.09.56 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Li, Y.H. and Chen, S.P., (2014) ‘Evolutionary history of Ebola virus’, Epidemiology and Infection, 142(6), pp.1138-1145.[Online].doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268813002215 (Accessed: 02 November 2014). Makashkevich, V.N., Schneider, B.J., McNally, M.L., Milhollen, M.A., Pang, J.X. and Kim, P.S. (1999) ‘Core structure of the envelope glycoprotein GP2 from Ebola virus at 1.9-A resolution’, PNAS, 96(6).[Online].doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2662 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Mayoclinic Staff (2014) Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus/basics/symptoms/con20031241 (Accessed: 01 November 2014). Mehedi, M., Hoenen, T., Robertson, S., Ricklefs, S., Dolan, M.A., Taylor, T., Falzarano, D., Ebihara, H., Porcella, S.F. and Feldmann, H. (2013) ‘Ebola virus RNA editing depends on the primary editing site sequence and an upstream secondary structure’, PubMed, 9(10). [Online].doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003677 (Accessed: 01 November 2014). Peters, C. J. and Peters, J. W. (1999) ‘An introduction to Ebola: The Virus and the disease’, The Journal of Infectious Disease, 179(1), pp. ix-xvi [Online].doi:1086/514322 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Stimola, A. (2011) Ebola; Epidemics and Society, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Sullivan, N., Yang, Z.Y., and Nabel, G. J. (2003) ‘Ebola virus pathogenesis: implications for vaccines and therapies’, Journal of Virology, 77(18), pp. 9733-9737. [Online].doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.18.9733-9737.2003 (Accessed: 03 November 2014). Turner and Cheryl, R.N., (2014) ‘Ebola Virus disease: An emerging threat’, Nursing2014, 44(9), pp.68-69. [Online].doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000453010.02525.ca (Accessed: 01 November 2014). World Health Organization (2014) Ebola Virus Disease: fact sheet. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/ (Accessed: 31 October 2014).

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essays -- Biography

Biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt, popularly known as FDR, was born on January 30, 1882 at the family estate in Hyde Park, New York. His father, James, graduated from Harvard Law School, married, had a son, and took over his family?s rights in coal and transportation. Despite the fact that he lost a good deal of money in financial gambles, he remained wealthy enough to travel by private railroad car, to live comfortably on his Hudson River estate at Hyde Park, and to travel at length. After his first wife died, James waited four years to remarry to Sara Delano, a sixth cousin. She was also a member of the Hudson River aristocracy, and although she was only half of James? 52 years, she settled into their Hyde Park estate quite comfortably. The marriage worked well until it was broken by James? death in 1900. Young Franklin Roosevelt had a secure and pleasant childhood. His half-brother was already an adult when Franklin was born, and so he had no rival for the attention of his parents. During the summer months he would travel with his parents to Europe, to the seaside in New England, or to Campobello Island off the coast of New Brunswick, where he developed a love for the ocean and sailing. Until the age of 14 FDR received his education from private tutors. FDR?s most lasting educational experience was at Groton School in Massachusetts, which he attended from 1896 to 1900. Groton?s headmaster, Reverend Endicott Peabody, instilled the virtue of public service in Franklin, and this would be something that he would carry with him throughout his life. At Groton FDR was not academically outstanding, nor did he gain vast popularity,? Franklin struggled to fit in?but he was only a spindly five f... ...peril. But both did so while at the same time holding free elections in which their opponents might have won the office. Through vast national support, Roosevelt was able to rekindle America?s spirit in itself, ?A man who could not walk became president of a country that had lost hope. With a simple set of beliefs- a belief that things could be improved, a belief in the Democratic process- he transmitted his own confidence to the nation? (Morgan 772). And the nation followed his lead. Bibliography: Works Cited Davis, Kenneth S. FDR: The War President 1940-1943. New York: Random House, 2000. Miller, Nathan. FDR: An Intimate History. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1983. Morgan, Ted. FDR: A Biography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. Robinson, Edgar Eugene. The Roosevelt Leadership 1933-1945. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1955.

Role of Women in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Role of Women in Othello  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout history the role of women has been heavily debated. Women have had to struggle for the rights they have today, even if some of us may still question if women really do have the same rights as a man. Whether it was getting the right to vote or even being able to join the work force, women have earned their place in society today. There are many avenues that you could take to see and understand the role of women throughout history. For this essay, we will look at William Shakespeare's Othello to see how he interputs women. There are three women in this play we can focus on. They are Desdemona, Bianca, and Emilia. As the story unfolds the roles of these women are set forth The first women that I will discuss is Bianca. Bianca would be known as a modern day prositute. By analizing her relationship with Cassio, it seems as though Bianca really wanted to have some sort of relationship with him. An example of this is in scence 3,act 4. It begins as Desdomona and Emilia exit as Bianca enters. Bianca begins to question Cassio about his whereabouts. "Bianca: 'Save you, friend Cassio! Cassio: What make you from home? How is't with you, my most fair Bianca? (I'faith,) sweet love was coming to your house. Bianca: And I was going to your lodging, Cassio. What,keep a week away? Seven days and nights, Eightscorce eight hours, and lovers'absent hours More tedious than the dial eightscorce times? O weary wreacking! Cassio: Pardon me, Bianca. I have this while withthis leaden thoughts been pressed, But I shall in a more continuate time Strike off this sorce of absence. Sweet Bianca, Take me this work out."(page 165 lines 190- 204) It is then that Cassio gives Bianca a "token" of his love. Upon reciving this "token", Bianca becomes highly offended. She then acusses Cassio of having anohter lover.I find this very hard to believe. How could Bianca of all people have the nerve to question someone's loyalty,whenit is her lack of loyalty that earns her money.The relationship between Bianca and Cassio is purely physical. Their relationship would fit the general sterotype, that women are only good for one thing.An example of this,lack of care, is when Iago and Cassio are talking about the relationship between Cassio and Bianca.

Leader Characteristics and Foreign Policy Performance Essay

The old saying ‘heroes are made, not born’ describes the making of leaders and leadership. The exceptional courage, nobility and strength attributes to the main character of a hero that may be brought about by a particular circumstance. Within the circumstance of a leadership referring to a President, the epitome of a hero is may be characterized by a political will or the strong decisiveness in role-modeling; by effecting the sovereign mandate of the people reflective of harnessing socio-political idolatry at home and abroad. The role-modeling of a President represents impact towards interstate (domestic) and foreign (intrastate) policies. Thus, the epitome of a hero is outlined in the execution of policies in which heroes are made. This paper will discuss the critical role-model of leadership that is bestowed upon the mandate of a President symbolical to the creation and performance of foreign policies. US foreign policy decision illustrating the rational actor model In the most recent electronic journal issue published by the Council on Foreign Relations (2008) features the article, ‘The Future of American Power: How America Can Survive the Rise of the Rest’, adapted from the book of Fareed Zakaria (2008), discusses Britain’s and America’s distinctions of foreign political power illustrates the â€Å"political leadership of the empire†. According to the article, there has been tremendous shift of political power [shifted from various political leadership] wherein Britain and America competed. The shifting is perceived to be on the third wave in which the â€Å"rest of political power shifting† remains a window of opportunity for the US to shape and master the changing global landscape, in which the strength and dynamism to continue shaping the world can overcome its political dysfunction and reorient its foreign policy for a world defined by the rise of other powers (Zakaria, 2008). From the point of view of Zakaria, the rest of emerging powers in the â€Å"third shift† is the current focus of a foreign policy within the social, political and economic rationale of the US government, and specifically a primary agenda under Bush’ leadership. The â€Å"rational actor model† that could be attributed to Bush’ leadership may be exemplified by the comprehensive enactment of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004, in which the national and global call of President Bush for â€Å"safe (America) and secured world† is by enacting strategic reforms in the intelligence community and the streamlining of the US bureaucracy. To cite the coherence of the â€Å"calling for safe and secured world† is outlined under Section 7001 of the IRTPA that states the provisions, such as â€Å"(Paragraph: 2) to win the war on terrorism, the United States must assign to economic and diplomatic capabilities the same strategic priority that is assigned to military capabilities, and (Paragraph: 3) the legislative and executive branches of the Government of the United States must commit to robust, long-term investments in all of the tools necessary for the foreign policy of the United States to successfully accomplish the goals of the United States† (IRTPA, 2004; in US Public Law 108–458, 2004). It is therefore reflective of Zakaria’s (2008) work that the â€Å"third shift† of power by emerging governments and world economies is the focal point of the US’ shifting of political leadership through its decision illustrating the leader’s rational actor model in framing a foreign policy. US foreign policy decision illustrating the hero-in-history model The â€Å"messianic complex† has been attributed to the character of leadership of President Bush in the US war on Iraq. It may have been recalled that US 9/11 tragedy have sprouted with the â€Å"hero-villain† role-modeling that refers to the US servicemen as hero that fought the villainous terrorists cohorts in Saddam Hussein’s tyrannical regime in Iraq. In which case, the US war on Iraq was attributed to the â€Å"messianic redemption† that freed the Iraqi people from the bondage of tyranny and renewed the democratic processes. Several political experts says that the character of Bush’ leadership has in some degrees being a â€Å"romanticist’; the sentimentalism that catalyzes decisiveness and unwavering acts. Thus, the hero-in-history model is patterned and entangled to the history of war and gaining dominance. In effect, the hero-in-history model has inherent circumstance and dominion vis-a-vis tailored in a foreign policy. As cited from the article of Lynne Olson in the electronic magazine of The Guardian, â€Å"George Bush’s favorite role model is famously Jesus Christ but Winston Churchill is close behind† (Olson, L. , 2007). According to Olson the idolatry is circumstantial in the rose to power of government leaders, in which the hero-in-history has inherent value; referring to Bush’ admiration to the works of Churchill in uniting and bringing the allied nations against Hitler as comparatively what the US did on its war to Iraq. It may be perceived that the framing of the socio-economic-political aspects of US foreign policy manifests â€Å"heroic adventurism† that exalts the hero-in-history model of American policy, and specifically the so-called â€Å"heroic idealism† of the President. US foreign policy decision employing the psychobiographical model Based on the book ‘Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior’ by Ofer Feldman and Linda O. Valenty, the psychobiographical model deeply links the personality (inner-self) of the leader towards the leadership style. Meaning, personal ideals or beliefs is being applied in the capacity to govern the state or lead the government in enacting policies. To cite, the system of psychobiography assume that leaders’ personal histories [and childhood experiences] are essential aspect that characterized the personality and leaders’ convictions that influences the mode, predisposition and performance in decision making (Kaarbo, J. , 2001; in Feldman & Valenty, 2001). One example that could best describe the personal (psychobiographical model) influence in the process of decision making is the personal conviction of President Bush in his ideals for â€Å"safe and secured world†; as being referred by American war historians as a â€Å"recycled thought† as inspired by his father, the former President George H. W. Bush, during the US troops deployment in the Middle East in the 1990’s known as Operation Desert Storm (The White House, 2008). It may be also recalled that former President Richard Nixon’s (1913-1994) â€Å"abhorrence† to socialism and communism have led to US aggression in Vietnam that weakened the diplomatic ties with China, Soviet Union and the Middle East, and left the American economy into recession (The White House, 2008). It could be viewed that the psychobiographical model relating to the â€Å"influence factor† of the leader in the process of decision making somehow affects the direction, significance and performance of a policy in light of the sovereign will. In which case, the effect could be in the derailment (consistency or inconsistency) or achievement of a policy that addresses all the socio-economic-political interstate (domestic) and intrastate (foreign) perspectives. At hindsight, the enactment of the IRTPA of 2004 could bear the idealistic norm of ensuring a â€Å"safe and secured world†, in which the US foreign policy adheres to those ideals. Significance of political terminologies According to Barbara Kellerman (1983) of Farleigh Dickinson University, the Bureaucratic Politics Model or BPM is the identification and systematic installation of key government functions in which the government’s â€Å"hierarchical organization† compose a bureaucracy. The BPM has been implemented in the US war on Iraq, as exemplified by the streamlining or functional alignment of governmental agencies through multi-lateral functions with the legislative, judiciary, executive branches of the government and its military establishments. In short, BPM is a synergy within a governmental function pre-disposal to the process of decision making and enactment of a domestic and foreign policy (Kellerman, 1983). Decision avoidance is being defined by sociologist as a â€Å"common type† of indecision particularly in major decision making referring to the acts of the President, policy makers, military leaders and even the private corporate chief executives. The decision avoidance is also characterized by â€Å"playing safe attitude† to decide on a situation, condition or state of facts wherein critical analysis is needed (Michael, A. , 2006). Instrumental rationality is being described as a requirement of coherence on non-instrumental desires and means-end beliefs, in which the requirement of coherence can be satisfied either locally or more globally (Smith, M. , 2004). As perceived, one that describes the coherence of instrumental rationality is the legal parlance of IRTPA 0f 2004 in the conduct of US’ war on terrorism wherein recognition, acceptance and collaboration is being worked with allied governments. Thus, the legal parlance in the conduct rationalizes the issues on the flawed effects to human rights violations. Based on the journal ‘Substantive and Procedural Rationality in Decisions under Uncertainty’, the â€Å"procedural rationality† is a method to test the empirical study that is uncertain (Choi, S. , Fisman, R. , Gale, D. , & Kariv, S. , 2005). This definition may be again correlated with the IRTPA’s policy that mandates to reform the US intelligence community by creating and establishing the Office of the Director for National Intelligence (ODNI) that shall streamline the operation of US homeland defense system, wherein the level and condition of national and global â€Å"uncertainties† are critically studied and processed in aid of policy legislation or Executive decisions (referring to Presidential directives). To cite, the â€Å"rational decision-making model† refers to the process-analysis of circumstantial or situational factor that is guided by parameters, such as (1) define the situation and decision to be made; (2) identify the important criteria for the process and the result; (3) consider all possible solutions; (4) calculate the consequences of these solutions versus the likelihood of satisfying the criteria and select the best option (Decision-Making-Confidence. Com, 2008). This modeling ma y be exemplified in the Presidential directives creating the US 9/11 Commission that has recommended the legislative process of enacting the IRTPA of 2004. We may quote the saying of the 2nd US President John Adams (1797-1801) that describes the presidential character, â€Å"liberty cannot be preserved without general knowledge among the people who have the right to that knowledge and the desire to know, but besides this, they have a right, an indisputable, unalienable, indefeasible, divine right to that most dreaded and envied kind of knowledge—I mean of the character and conduct of their rulers† (President John Adams, 1735-1826; in Texas University Press, 2004). Interpreting the â€Å"Presidential Character† connotes the moral values and virtuosity in the character of a President or a political candidate. It may be perceived that the moral attributions to â€Å"presidential character† also relate to the socio-religious-cultural upbringing of the state, to which the moral values of social responsibility, accountability and confidence must be retained to the people. Conclusion The role-modeling of every government in its domestic and foreign affairs is characterized by the figure-heading of a President being the pre-dominant figure of the bureaucracy. It may be said that the 2ist century character of the US government in bringing about and reaching out its foreign policies has related or shifted in the sensibility of personality and political will or decisiveness of the Chief Executive of the Land, especially when formulating effective and strong governance correlating the â€Å"heroic ideals† and championing of democracies. The power shifting, as therewith previously discussed in this paper, could be substantive in framing a foreign policy within the emerging democracies throughout the world. The substantive role of the US government may be viewed as more than strategically entangled in the socio-political-economic conditions of its allied governments and other countries, which may be going beyond based on the Presidential performance and effectiveness of a foreign policy. In today’s political race in America, the American people are overly conscious in exalting their right to suffrage, likewise the people of the world casts on their predicaments and seeming alienation to whom America shall bear its foreign policy where heroes shall be made. References Choi, S. , Fisman, R. , Gale, D. , and Kariv, S. , (2005). ‘Substantive and Procedural Rationality in Decisions under Uncertainty’. Departmnet of Economics, New York University. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from http://fic. wharton. upenn. edu/fic/papers/06/0601. pdf. Decision-Making-Confidence. Com (2008). ‘The Rational Decision Making Models’. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from http://www. decision-making-confidence. com/rational-decision-making-models. html. Feldman, O. and Valenty, L. O. (2001). ‘Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior’. Questia E-Library. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from http://www. questia. com/read/113103019? title=Profiling%20Political%20Leaders%3a%20%20Cross-Cultural%20Studies%20of%20Personality%20and%20Behavior. Kellerman, B. (1983). ‘Allison Redux: Three More Decision-Making Models’. Polity, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 351-367. Palgrave Macmillan Journals. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from http://www. palgrave-journals. com/pal/index. html. Michael, A. (2006). ‘Manage to Change’. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from http://managetochange. typepad. com/main/2006/06/the_change_resi_5. html. Olson, L. (2007). ‘Yes, George Bush does recall a British wartime Prime Minister’. The Guardian. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from

Online Behavioral Targeting and Consumer Privacy Issues Essay

Sophocles’ prolific writing has rarely produced a woman of such stern strength of character as â€Å"Antigone†. Inversely the comedy of Aristophanes â€Å"Lysistrat† was among the first to introduce a strong willed female protagonist, who is not a goddess. The treatment of both great writers differs in the fact that the backdrops and the moods are distinctly different. While Sophocles zeroed in on the sombre tragedy, Aristophanes chose to inject feminist revolt against domination through zestful comedy. From a gender perspective it is important to study the motives behind the actions of the lead characters in both the plays. There have been suicides and suicides in Greek tragedies (which almost define Greek tragedies). Sophocles’ Antigone commits suicide in the dark dungeon left to starve to death. But unlike the suicide of their mother Jocasta who decides to end her life when she learns that her marital relationship with Oedipus was incestuous, Antigone’s death is a defiant protest against the tyranny of her uncle Creon and an emphasis of her strongly held belief, that her brother should be accorded a proper burial. There have been few examples of valour from Greek women who defied the norms of either their contemporary society or their king for a symbolic gesture rather than a cause. In the case of Antigone it was the burial rights to one of her two dead brothers which drives her to go against the will of the ruler, Creon. â€Å"Antigone† begins after both the warring brothers have apparently killed each other and since Polynices revolted against the state and led an Argive army to overthrow his brother Eteocles, he is deemed to be a sinner against the state. Thus Creone, brother of Jocasta, who becomes the ruler decrees his body to be deprived of proper burial rites to ensure that his soul rots beyond redemption. Antigone, in the beginning of the play expresses her wish to accord her brother proper burial. It is a symbolic depiction of Antigone’s moral strength that she decides to go ahead in her chosen course though she is unable to enlist the support of her more timid sister Ismene. This is a marked deviation from the depiction of women in Greek literature of the time where women were always looked upon as dependent on others for the strength of their convictions. Antigone succeeds in her stated mission and when this becomes known to Creone, an argument rages on the choice between the natural law and man-made laws. In another daring drift from established norm, the chorus in Sophocles’ play have the moral courage to call the path of their emperor as the more evil. Creone’s son and Antigone’s fiance Haemon comes to her defence and the ensuing debate on the justice of natural laws which should supersede man made laws is a dramatist’s delight. Creone, however, decides to leave Antigone to starve to death in a sealed cave as her prison. The blind prophet Tiresias also advocates against punishment to Antigone and says he will pay â€Å"corpse for corpse, and flesh for flesh†. The declaration of Tiresias that Creon is causing moral pollution causes a change of heart in Creone. His moral dilemma leads him to conclude that Polynices should be buried and Antigone should be pardoned. But by this time, Hameon reaches Antigone’s cave with the intention of saving her only to find that she has committed suicide by hanging herself, much like her mother Jocasta before her. When Creon reaches the cave he finds Hameon grieving over Antigone and he takes his life by stabbing himself as Creon approaches him. This leads Eurydice, Creon’s wife to give up her life in the grief of her son’s untimely death. Thus Creon loses all his loved ones due to his one fatal erring conviction to hold the laws of the state above the natural law. The tragic flaw, is thus justified in Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone†. It is easy to categorize the play Lysistrata by Aristophanes as a lewd comedy designed to entertain the Greek literature and drama lovers with a lampooning of the results if women begin to take an interest in affairs of national importance. It is also very convenient to visualize male actors playing all the important roles of the play and the â€Å"male† male characters wearing erect phalluses to depict their masculinity might have led to uproarious laughter. However, with passing time and the aid of retrospection help us to begin to understand that Aristophanes might have devoted considerable time and emotional energy in trying to decipher what goes through the hearts and heads of women of his time who were modelled to be subservient and detached from the affairs of the state. Lysistrata leads a domestic and non violent non-cooperation movement (though the medium of non cooperation seldom ventures beyond the conventional sexual subjugation) to convince the men of the time to end the long standing war (apparently the Peloponnesian war) and bring back peace. The play is an apparent comedy that it depicts women as sex crazed and spine less characters for whom rising beyond their daily chores is a daunting task. Except fro Lysistrata, no other woman comes across as strong willed enough to contribute in any way to the cause of the play. One can imagine the gusty laughter the scene involving the swearing of oath by drinking wine from a shield as it was a portrayal of women as being incapable of self restraint (from all good things in life, including wine and sex). Though Lysistrata as a play has a lot of titillate the viewers, it has been seen in modern light as a commentary on the plight of women who have no say in the affairs of the state entirely decide by the men but have to silently suffer the consequences. This has remained unchanged even after the liberation ages of the 20th century. Aristophanes does manage to draw a caricature of Greek women as incapable of with holding sex or thinking beyond sex as the only weapon in her armour to control or change society. It is possible though to excuse this caricature as Aristophanes’ attempt not to ruffle the feathers of his contemporary society while at the same time recording for future history that women did harbour different opinions on the approaches of the state to war and peace. The widowhood and martyrdom of a mother who loses her children to the ravages of war are not mentioned, perhaps because they would have added the much relegated sobriety to this deemed comedy. Gender domination is a visible thread in Lysistrata, but whether Aristophanes designed this play as a comic fiction based on improbable scenarios of liberated women questioning state policies, or as an underhanded attempt to depict female angst of his contemporary Greek society is debatable. However Lysistrata has remained current and meaningful to this date due to its universal themes of Peace being preferred over War and has helped several social commentators put across their point during the several un necessary wars that dot world history to date be it the Vietnam war or the latest invasion of Iraq. Whatever be the motivation, both Sophocles and Aristophanes manage to leave behind a piece of Literature which continues to engage readers and historians in a healthy debate on the premium placed on female equality by writers from the Greek age to the present day. Works Cited or used as reference Henderson, Jeffrey (contributor) Lysistrata by Aristophanes, London : Oxford University Press, 1990 Translated by Gibbons, Reginald and Segal, Charles Antigone by Sophocles, NewYork : Oxford University Press US, 2003